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Quotes on Power

About the book Crisis and Leviathan

Center on Peace & Liberty Defense

Contents:

Introduction:

Classical liberalism derives from individualism. Each individual owns his or her own life and energies and is therefore entitled to conduct that life according to his or her own judgment, consistent with the like liberty of others. From this foundation emerges the institutions of individual rights, private property, free trade, and the rule of law. Essential is the right of self-defense: if one owns one’s life, one has the right to defend it against aggression. This is the basic argument for the right to keep and bear arms, and against gun control.

Groups, including societies, also have the prerogative to defend themselves. Groups are collections of individuals. There are no group rights per se, but individuals, who do have rights, are free to pool their resources and cooperate for their defense. Groups can have no rights not possessed by individuals. If an individual does not have the right to expropriate others to provide for his or her own defense, no group can have that right either. Group defense must be consistent with individual rights.

Governments, which have a monopoly on the “legitimate” use of force in a particular area, have traditionally and ultimately been justified on the need for collective defense, which, it is said, cannot otherwise be provided. Since a provider of collective defense cannot discriminate between those who pay for it and those who don’t, it is argued, taxation and even conscription via government are justified to prevent free riders. In rebuttal it has been said that government itself presents a host of insidious free rider and other problems that may be worse than the one it set out to solve.

Another danger inherent in “national defense” is its tendency to exploit crises to enlarge and extend the coercive power of government—particularly executive power—to areas far removed from actual defense. If preparation for war has rationalized permanent new, intrusive powers, actual wars have magnified this process many times. The very logic of national defense weakens the checks on power that normally operate in domestic policy matters. For example, a skeptic about the fiscal viability of Social Security could not be plausibly silenced by the president’s claim that classified information shows the system to be sound.

Yet this routinely occurs in matters of national defense. The CIA’s budget is classified. The activities of the National Security Agency are covert. Military plans, unless leaked, are secret. The potential for dangerous politically motivated mischief and wrongdoing is rife, and such episodes are often not unearthed until years later—if at all. The United States went to war with Spain in 1898 after an explosion aboard the Maine—which may have been caused by a bad boiler. The War in Vietnam was precipitated by an attack on American ships in the Gulf of Tonkin—which never occurred. U.S. participation in World War II followed the Japanese attack at Pearl Harbor—which was the not-unexpected culmination of U.S. economic warfare against Japan. Even during the Cold War, Soviet activities were construed by U.S. officials so as to justify the expansion of their power to tax and regulate the American people. This was essentially the analysis offered by Midwest Republicans such as Senator Robert Taft and Congressman Howard Buffett.

The upshot is that even in a constitutionally limited republic, national defense can serve to anesthetize the people’s wariness of, and hence to relax the constraints on, power. As H.L. Mencken put it, “The whole aim of practical politics is to keep the populace alarmed (and hence clamorous to be led to safety) by menacing it with an endless series of hobgoblins, all of them imaginary.” In the name of national defense, the federal government financed schools, built highways, and did other things only tenuously linked to true security. This tendency to expand government authority is encouraged by the facile dismissal and even silencing of critics as alarmists whose activities give aid and comfort to the nation’s enemies.

Also, click here for Bibliography for Crisis and Leviathan.

Cold War:

Adamson, Michael. “Review of the book Butter and Guns: America's Cold War Economic Diplomacy by Diane B. Kunz,” The Independent Review, Vol. III, No. 3 (Winter 1999), p. 465-468.

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Higgs, Robert. “The Cold War Economy: Opportunity Costs, Ideology, and the Politics of Crisis,” Explorations in Economic History, July 1994.

—. “The Cold War is Over, but U.S. Preparation for It Continues,” The Independent Review, Vol. VI, No. 2 (Fall 2001), pp. 287-305.

—. “The Cold War: Too Good a Deal to Give Up.” Oakland, Calif.: The Independent Institute, 2002.

LaFeber, Walter. American, Russia, and the Cold War, 1945-1975. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2001.

Leebaert, Derek. The Fifty-Year Wound: The True Price of America’s Cold War Victory. Boston: Little, Brown, 2002.

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Mills, C. Wright. The Causes of World War III. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E.Sharpe, 1985.

Patterson, Thomas G., ed. Cold War Critics: Alternatives to American Foreign Policy in the Truman Years. New York: Franklin Watts, 1971.

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Yergin, Daniel. Shattered Peace: The Origins of the Cold War and the National Security State. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1978.

Consequences of Interventionism:

Angell, Norman. The Fruits of Victory. New York: Century Company, 1921.

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Bandow, Doug. “Review of the book Blowback: The Costs and Consequences of American Empire by Chalmers Johnson,” The Independent Review, Vol. V, No. 4 (Spring 2001), pp. 611-614.

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Bock, Alan W. “Criticizing U.S. Foreign Policy.” Oakland, Calif.: The Independent Institute, March 5, 2003.

Calhoun, Laurie. “Just War? Moral Soldiers?”, The Independent Review, Vol. IV, No. 3 (Winter 2000), pp. 325-345.

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Eland, Ivan. ALL ARTICLES

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Hayward, Steven. Foreign Entanglements: An Institutional Critique of U.S. Foreign Policy. San Francisco, Calif.: Pacific Research Institute, 2001.

Herold, Marc W. “A Dossier on Civilian Victims of United States’ Aerial Bombing of Afghanistan: A Comprehensive Accounting,” March 2002.

Higgs, Robert. “Facing the Consequences of the U.S. War in Iraq.” Oakland, Calif.: The Independent Institute, May 2, 2003.

—. “Military Precision versus Moral Precision.” Oakland, Calif.: The Independent Institute, March 23, 2003.

—. “Not Exactly an Eye for an Eye,” San Francisco Chronicle, June 23, 2003.

—. “Some Are Weeping, Some Are Not.” Oakland, Calif.: The Independent Institute, April 26, 2003.

—. “Some Other Costs of War,” The Free Market, March 1991.

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Sandler, Todd and Keith Hartley. The Economics of Defense. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995.

Schwarz, Benjamin and Christopher Layne. “A New Grand Strategy,” The Atlantic Monthly, Vol. 289, No. 1 (January 2002), pp. 36-42.

Utley, Jonathan. Going to War With Japan, 1937-1941. Knoxville: University of Tennessee, 1985.

Vidal, Gore. Dreaming War: Blood for Oil and the Cheney-Bush Junta. New York: Thunder’s Mouth Press, 2002.

—. Perpetual War for Perpetual Peace: How We Got to Be So Hated. New York: Thunder’s Mouth Press, 2002.

Weaver, Mary Anne. “Blowback,” The Atlantic Monthly, May 1996.

“What if Congress Declared War?,” Investor’s Business Daily, April 20, 1999.

Defense Industry/Complex:

Adams, Gordon. The Politics of Defense Contracting: The Iron Triangle. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 1982.

Barnet, Richard J. The Economy of Death. New York: Atheneum, 1969.

Brandes, Stuart D. Warhogs: A History of War Profits in America. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky, 1997.

Dombrowski, Peter J., Eugene Gholz and Andrew L. Ross. Military Transformation and the Defense Industry After Next: The Defense Industrial Implications of Network-Centric Warfare. Strategic Research Department, Center for Naval Warfare Studies, U.S. Naval War College, September 2002.

Eisenhower, Dwight D. “Farewell Address,” January 17, 1961.

Eland, Ivan. “Beef or Pork?”, Trenton Times, March 18, 2002.

—. “A Broader Definition of Defense Pork is Needed.” Washington, D.C.: Cato Institute, November 3, 1997.

—. “Can Military Reform Be Salvaged?”, Northwest Florida Daily News, July 1, 2001.

—. “Can the Pentagon Be Run Like a Business?”, Issues in Science & Technology (National Academy in Science), Spring 2002.

—. “Defense Reform is Dead,” Black News (Columbia, SC), August 30, 2001.

—. “Enshrining the ‘Reagan Legacy’ Could Cost Taxpayer's Plenty.” Washington, D.C.: Cato Institute.

—. “Hike Military Funding? Lining the Pockets of the Defense Bureaucracy.” Washington, D.C.: Cato Institute, September 23, 1998.

—. “Holiday Cheer at the Pentagon.” Washington, D.C.: Cato Institute, January 8, 1999.

—. “Hopelessly Flawed Osprey Lives to Fly Another Day,” Defense News, June 4, 2001.

—. “Military Increase Will Delay Reforms,” State News Sunday (Dover, DE), May 5, 2002.

—. “Military Spending Hike Is Simply a Gift to Special Interests,” Dallas Morning News, January 8, 1999.

—. “The Only Thing Elusive,” Washington, D.C.: Cato Institute.

—. “Reforming a Defense Industry Rife with Socialism, Industrial Policy and Excessive Regulation,” Policy Analysis No. 421. Washington, D.C.: Cato Institute, December 20, 2001.

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Melman, Seymour. Pentagon Capitalism: The Management of the New Imperialism. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1970.

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Pursell, Carroll W., Jr., ed. The Military-Industrial Complex. New York: Harper & Row, 1972.

Trevino, Ruben and Robert Higgs. “Profits of U.S. Defense Contractors,” Defence Economics, Vol. 3 (1992).

Defense Waste:

Eland, Ivan. “America Doesn’t Need Three New Fighter Planes,” Knight Ridder/Tribune Business News, April 5, 1999.

—. “Higher Defense Spending Would Be a Huge Waste of Money.” Salt Lake Tribune, November 23, 1997.

—. “The Marines’ Osprey Is a Taxpayer Albatross,” Los Angeles Times, January 5, 2001.

—. “Putting the Pentagon on a Low-Fat Diet,” Washington, D.C.: Cato Institute, November 3, 1997.

—. “Security Spending Hikes: Real Improvements or Bureaucratic Largesse?” Washington, D.C.: Cato Institute.

—. “Vanquish the Crusader,” United Press International, May 17, 2002.

—. “Weaponry or Waste?”, Gaston Gazette, February 4, 2001.

—. “We’ve Earned a Peace Dividend,” Orange County Register,” July 1998.

Fitzgerald, A. Ernest. The High Priests of Waste. New York: W.W. Norton, 1972.

—. The Pentagonists: An Insider's View of Waste, Mismanagement and Fraud in Defense Spending.

Higgs, Robert. “Beware the Pork-Hawk: In Pursuit of Reelection, Congress Sells Out the Nation’s Defense,” Reason, June 1989.

—. “Hard Coals Make Bad Law: Congressional Parochialism Versus National Defense,” Cato Journal, Spring/Summer 1988.

—. “U.S. National Security: Illusions versus Realities.” Oakland, Calif.: The Independent Institute, June 30, 2002.

Holzman, Franklyn D. “The CIA’s Military Spending Estimates: Deceit and Its Costs.” Challenge, Vol. 35 (1992), pp. 28-39.

General:

Beard, Charles A. The Devil Theory of War: An Inquiry Into the Nature of History and the Possibility of Keeping Out of War. New York: Vanguard Press, 1936.

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Ely, John Hart. War and Responsibility: Constitutinal Lessons from Vietnam and Its Aftermath. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1993.

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Hayes, Carlton J.H. Essays on Nationalism. New York: Macmillan, 1926.

—. The Historical Evolution of Modern Nationalism. New York: Richard R. Smith, 1931.

Hedges, Chris. War Is a Force That Gives Us Meaning. New York: Anchor Books, 2003.

Higgs, Robert. “Collateral Damage: Two Venues, One Logic,” San Francisco Examiner, April 15, 2002.

—. “The Myth of ‘Failed’ Policies,” The Free Market, March 1995.

—. “Peace on Earth,” The Free Market, December 1994.

Jordan, Amos A., William J. Taylor, Jr. and Lawrence Korb. American National Security: Policy and Process, 4th ed. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993.

Korb, Lawrence J. Reshaping America’s Military: Four Alternatives. New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press, 2003.

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Lindenfeld, Frank. Radical Perspectives on Social Problems. New York: Collier-MacMillan, 1968.

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—. “The Case for Strategic Disengagement,” Foreign Affairs, April 1973, pp. 505-521.

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—. Social Power and Political Freedom. Boston: Porter Sargent Publisher, 1980.

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—. National Consciousness. Washington, D.C.: American Council of Public Affairs, 1943.

Swanwick, H.M. Collective Insecurity. London: Jonathan Cape, 1937.

Tabarrok, Alexander. “Congress Shall Have the Power to Declare War,” North County Times, April 5, 1999.

History:

Ambrose, Stephen and Douglas Brinkley. Rise to Globalism: American Foreign Policy Since 1938. New York: Penguin USA, 1997.

Barnes, Harry Elmer. “The Public Stake in Revisionism,” Rampart Journal of Individualist Studies (Summer 1967).

—. Select Bibliography of Revisionist Books Dealing with the Two World Wars and Their Aftermath. 1958.

—. Selected Revisionist Papers. New York: Arno Press, 1972.

—. , ed. Perpetual War for Perpetual Peace: A Critical Examination of the Foreign Policy of Franklin Delano Roosevelt and Its Aftermath. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1966.

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—. “Why We Still Have a War Economy,” Reason, April 1977.

Carlton, Jim. “Of Microbes and Mock Attacks: Years Ago, The Military Sprayed Germs on U.S. Cities,” Wall Street Journal, October 22, 2001.

—. “How Franklin Roosevelt Lied America Into War,” from Harry Elmer Barnes, ed., Perpetual War for Perpetual Peace: A Critical Examination of the Foreign Policy of Franklin Delano Roosevelt and Its Aftermath. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1966.

Cobane, Craig T. “Review of the book For the President's Eyes Only: Secret Intelligence and the American Presidency from Washington to Bush, by Christopher Andrew,” The Independent Review, Vol. I, No. 3 (Winter 1997), pp. 456-459.

Denson, John V. “A Century of War,” Auburn, AL: Ludwig von Mises Institute.

Earle, Edward Mead. Makers of Modern Strategy: Military Thought from Machiavelli to Hitler. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton Univ Press, 1943.

Eland, Ivan. “Review of the book The Political Economy of NATO: Past, Present and into the 21st Century by Todd Sandler and Keith Hartley,” The Independent Review, Vol. V, No. 2 (Fall 2000), pp. 303-306.

—. “Media Coverage of the 25th Anniversary of the Fall of Vietnam Rewrites History.” Washington, D.C.: Cato Institute.

Hamlin, Charles H. The War Myth in United States History. New York: Vanguard Press, 1927.

Higgs, Robert. “Camelot and the Bushies: Some Disturbing Parallels.” Oakland, Calif.: The Independent Institute, March 7, 2003.

—. “From Central Planning to the Market: The American Transition, 1945-1947,” The Journal of Economic History, Vol. 59, No. 3 (September 1999).

—. “World War II and the Military-Industrial-Congressional Complex,” Freedom Daily, May 1995.

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Kennedy, Paul. The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000. New York: Vintage Books, 1989.

Koistinen, Paul A. C. Mobilizing for Modern War: The Political Economy of American Warfare, 1865-1919. Lawrence. KS: University Press of Kansas, 1997.

Liggio, Leonard P. and James J. Martin, eds.Watershed of Empire: Essays on New Deal Foreign Policy. Colorado Springs, Colo.: Ralph Myles, 1976.

Marshall, Jonathan V. To Have and Have Not: Southeast Asian Raw Materials and the Origins of the Pacific War. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press, 1995.

Martin, James J. American Liberalism and World Politics, 1931-1941: Liberalism’s Press and Spokesmen on the Road Back to War Between Mukden and Pearl Harbor, 2 Vols. New York: Devin-Adair Publishers, 1963.

—. Revisionist Viewpoints: Essays in a Dissident Historical Tradition. Colorado Springs: Ralph Myles, 1971.

—. The Saga of Hog Island: And Other Essays in Inconvenient History. Colorado Springs: Ralph Myles, 1977.

Mead, Walter Russell. Special Providence: American Foreign Policy and How It Changed the World. New York: Alfred Knopf, 2001.

Nagel, Thomas. “War and Massacre,” Philosophy and Public Affairs, Vol. I (1972), pp. 123-144.

Raico, Ralph. “American Foreign Policy: The Turning Point, 1898–1919,” Future of Freedom Foundation, February 1995.

—. “Review of the book Promised Land, Crusader State: The American Encounter with the World since 1776 by Walter A. McDougall, The Independent Review, Vol. III, No. 2 (Fall 1998), pp. 273-278.

Rothbard, Murray N. “On the Importance of Revisionism for Our Time,” Rampart Journal of Individualist Studies (Spring 1966), pp. 3-7.

Sniegoski, Stephen J. “The Case for Pearl Harbor Revisionism,” The Occidental Quarterly, Vol. 1, No. 2 (October 2001).

Stinnett, Robert B. “Pearl Harbor: Official Lies in an American War Tragedy?,” Independent Policy Forum, The Independent Institute, May 24, 2000. [Forum Anouncement, Forum Audio, Forum Transcript]

Stromberg, Joseph R. “The Spanish-American War: The Leap into Overseas Empire,” Future of Freedom Foundation, December 1998.

Stromberg, Roland N. Collective Security and American Foreign Policy: From the League of Nations to NATO. New York: Praeger, 1963. [Online Book]

Vagts, Alfred. A History of Militarism, Civilian and Military. New York: Free Press, 1967.

Walsh, Lawrence E. Firewall: The Iran-Contra Conspiracy and Cover-up. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1998.

Williams, William Appleman. The Tragedy of American Diplomacy. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1988.

Winks, Robin W. Cloak and Gown: Scholars in the Secret War, 1939-1961. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1996.

Yergin, Daniel. “The Arms Zealots,” Harper’s, June 1977, pp. 64-776.

Nuclear Weapons:

Cohen, Avner and Steven Lee. Nuclear Weapons and the Future of Humanity: The Fundamental Questions. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishing, 1986.

Eland, Ivan. “Aggressive Nuclear Policy: Enhancing or Detracting from U.S. Security?” Washington, D.C.: Cato Institute.

—. “Are U.S. Government Efforts in Counterproliferation Counterproductive?” Washington, D.C.: Cato Institute, July 28, 1999.

—. “Chinese Nuclear Espionage: Is the Hysteria Warranted?” Washington, D.C.: Cato Institute, June 3, 1999.

—. “George W. Bush’s Vision for Nuclear Security: Vestiges of the Cold War.” Washington, D.C.: Cato Institute, June 1, 2000.

—. “A ‘Grand Deal’ on the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty: A Faustian Bargain.” Washington, D.C.: Cato Institute, September 16, 1999.

—. “Nuclear Rapport with India, Pakistan Beats Hostility,” Houston Chronicle, May 1998.

Feiveson, Harold and Bruce Blair. The Nuclear Turning Point: A Blueprint for Deep Cuts and De-Alerting of Nuclear Weapons. Washington: Brookings Institution, 1999.

Fletcher, Knebel and Charles W. Bailey II. No High Ground. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1983.

Ford, John C. “The Hydrogen Bombing of Cities,” in William J. Nagle, ed., Morality and Modern Warfare. Baltimore, MD: Helicon Press, 1960, pp. 98-103.

—. “The Morality of Obliteration Bombing,” Theological Studies, Vol. 4 (1944), p. 261.

Higgs, Robert. “Can Nuclear Weapons Be Scrapped?” Oakland, Calif.: The Independent Institute, May 9, 1997.

Kennan, George F. The Nuclear Delusion: Soviet-American Relations in the Atomic Age. New York: Random House, 1983.

Krepon, Michael. Cooperative Threat Reduction, Missile Defense, and the Nuclear Future. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002.

Lindsay, James M. Congress and Nuclear Weapons. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991.

Mueller, John. “The Essential Irrelevance of Nuclear Weapons,” International Security, Vol. 13, No. 2 (Fall 1988), pp. 55-79.

—. Retreat from Doomday: The Obsolescence of Major War. New York: Basic Books, 1990.

Orwell, George. “You and the Atomic Bomb,” Tribune, October 19, 1945, reprinted in Sonia Orwell and Ian Angus, ed., The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell, Vol. 4. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1968.

Scheer, Robert. With Enough Shovels: Reagan, Bush, and Nuclear War. New York: Random House, 1983.

Schell. Jonathan. The Fate of the Earth and The Abolition. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2000.

Schwartz, Stephen I., ed. Atomic Audit: The Costs and Consequences of U.S. Nuclear Weapons Since 1940. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 1998.

Sherwin, Martin J. A World Destroyed: The Atomic Bomb and the Grand Alliance. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2003.

Weaver, Richard W. “A Dialectic on Total War,” in Visions of Order: The Cultural Crisis of Our Times. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University, 1964.

Privatization and Indigenous Defense:

Anderson, Terry and P. J. Hill. “The American Experiment in Anarcho-Capitalism: The Not so Wild West,” Journal of Libertarian Studies, Vol. 3, No. 1 (1979), pp. 9-29.

Asprey, Robert B. War in the Shadows: The Guerrilla in History. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1975.

Benson, Bruce L. “Crime Control Through Private Enterprise,” The Independent Review, Vol. II, No. 3 (Winter 1998), pp. 341-371.

—. “Customary Law With Private Means of Resolving Disputes and Dispensing Justice: A Description of a Modern System of Law and Order Without State Coercion ,”Journal of Libertarian Studies, Vol. 9, No. 2.

—. “Enforcement of Private Property Rights in Primitive Societies: Law without Government,” Journal of Libertarian Studies, Vol. 9 No. 1.

—. The Enterprise of Law: Justice Without the State. San Francisco, Calif.: Pacific Research Institute, 1990.

—. “Guns for Protection, and Other Private Sector Responses to the Government’s Failure to Control Crime,” Journal of Libertarian Studies, Vol. VIII, No. 1 (Winter 1986), pp. 75-109.

—. To Serve and Protect: Privatization and Community in Criminal Justice. New York, N.Y.: New York University, 1998.

Bruno, Roberto and Joseph H. H. Weiler. “Access of Private Parties to International Dispute Settlement: A Comparative Analysis,” Working Paper, NYU School of Law, 1997.

Camm, Frank A. Expanding Private Production of Defense Services (No. MR-734). Santa Monica, Calif.: Rand Corporation, 1996.

Ellis, John. A Short History of Guerrilla Warfare. London: Ian Allan, 1975.

Friedman, David. “Anarchy and Efficient Law,” from the book, For and Against the State, John Sanders and Jan Narveson, eds. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 1996.

—. The Machinery of Freedom: Guide to a Radical Capitalism. New York: Harper Colophon, 1973.

Hoppe, Hans-Herman. “Fallacies of the Public Goods Theory and the Production of Security,” Journal of Libertarian Studies, Vol. 9, No. 1 (Winter 1989), pp. 28-46.

—. “The Private Production of Defence,” Journal of Libertarian Studies, Vol. 14, No. 1.

—. , ed. The Private Production of Defense: Essays in Political Economy. Auburn, AL: Ludwig von Mises Institute, forthcoming.

Hummel, Jeffrey Rogers. “The American Militia and the Origin of Conscription: A Reassessment,” Journal of Libertarian Studies, Vol. 15 No. 4.

—. “National Goods Versus Public Goods: Defense, Disarmament, and Free Riders,” Review of Austrian Economics, Vol. 4 (1990), pp. 88-122.

Joes, Anthony James. America and Guerilla Warfare. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2000.

—. From the Barrel of a Gun: Armies and Revolutions. New York: Elsevier Science, 1986.

—. Guerrilla Conflict Before the Cold War. Westport, Conn.: Praeger Publishers, 1996.

—. Guerrilla Warfare: A Historical, Biographical, and Bibliographical Sourcebook. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishin, 1996.

—. Modern Guerrilla Insurgency. Westport, Conn.: Praeger Publishers, 1992.

Kutger, Joseph P. “Irregular Warfare in Transition,” Military Affairs, 24, 3 (Autumn 1960), pp. 113-123.

Marina, William F. “The American Revolution and the Minority Myth,” Modern Age (1976).

—. “The American Revolution as a People’s War,” Reason (July, 1976), pp. 28-9, 32, 34-8.

—. “Militia, Standing Armies and the Second Amendment,” Law and Liberty, 2, 4 (Spring 1976), pp. 1-4.

—. “Revolution and Social Change: The American Revolution As a People’s War,” Literature of Liberty, Vol. I, No. 2 (April-June 1978), pp. 5-39.

—. “Weapons, Technology, and Legitimacy: The Second Amendment in Global Perspective,” in Don B. Kates, ed., Firearms and Violence: Issues of Public Policy. Lexngton, Mass.: Ballinger, 1984.

Marina, William F. and Diane Cuervo. “The Dutch-American Guerilla in the American Revolution,” Literature of Liberty.

McGrath. Roger D. Gunfighters, Highwaymen and Vigilantes: Violence on the Frontier. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984.

Molinari, Gustave de. The Production of Security. New York: Center for Libertarian Studies, 1977. [Online Book]

—. The Society of Tomorrow: A Forecast of Its Political and Economic Organisation. New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1904. [Online Book]

—. Soirées on the Rue Saint-Lazare: Conversations on Economic Laws and Defense of Property. 1849. Enlightening dialogues between a socialist, a conservative and a libertarian. [Online Book]

Osterfeld, David, “Anarchism and the Public Goods Issue: Law, Courts, and the Police,” Journal of Libertarian Studies, Vol. 9, No. 1.

Rothbard, Murray N. “Robert Nozick and the Immaculate Conception of the State,” Journal of Libertarian Studies, Vol. I, No. 1 (1977), 45-57.

—. “Society Without a State,” Nomos, 19 (1978), 191-207.

Sechrest, Larry J. “Privateering and National Defense,” Working Paper No. 41. Oakland, Calif.: The Independent Institute.

Stromberg, Joseph R. “The War for Southern Independence: A Radical Libertarian Perspective,” Journal of Libertarian Studies, Vol. 3, No. 1 (1979), 31-53.

Tabarrok, Alexander. “Bring on the Bounty Hunters.” Oakland, Calif.: The Independent Institute.

Terrorism and Homeland Defense:

Armstrong, Karen. Islam: A Short History. New York: Modern Library, 2002.

Barnett, Randy. Structure of Liberty: Justice and the Rule of Law. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000.

Bergen, Peter L. Holy War, Inc.: Inside the Secret World of Osama bin Laden. New York: Free Press, 2001.

Carr, Caleb. The Lessons of Terror: A History of Warfare Against Civilians: Why It Has Always Failed and Why It Will Fail Again. New York: Random House, 2003.

Ebeling, Richard M. and Jacob Hornberger, eds. Liberty, Security and the War on Terrorism. Fairfax, VA: Future of Freedom Foundation, 2003.

Eland, Ivan. “The American Taxpayer Is Paying Dearly to Be Attacked by Terrorists.” Oakland, Calif.: The Independent Institute, May 13, 2003.

—. “Bush’s Department of Homeland Security: Enhanced Protection or Bureaucratic Bloat?” Washington, D.C.: Cato Institute.

—. “Catastrophic Terrorism: Clinton is Missing the Point,” Washington, D.C.: Cato Institute, July 13, 1998.

—. “National Security Policy Turned on Its Head,” Daily Journal (Kankakee, Ill.), November 6, 2002.

—. “Ominous Harbinger of the Future,” Washington, D.C.: Cato Institute, October 8, 2001.

—. “Protecting the Homeland: The Best Defense Is to Give No Offense,” Policy Analysis No. 306. Washington, D.C.: Cato Institute, May 5, 1998.

—. “Recommendations from Terrorism Commission Belong in the Circular File,” Manchester Union-Leader, June 26, 2000.

—. “Review of the book Inside Terrorism by Bruce Hoffman,” Middle East Policy.

—. “Robust Response to 9/11 Is Needed but Poking the Hornets’ Nest Is Ill-Advised,” Foreign Policy Briefing No. 69. Washington, D.C.: Cato Institute, December 18, 2001.

—. “Smallpox: U.S. Government Is Endangering Americans to Run Risky Foreign Policy,” News-Herald (Hartford City, IN), November 12, 2002.

—. “Turn the War on Terrorism Into a War by Proxy.” Washington, D.C.: Cato Institute, January 23, 2002.

—. “Year 2000 Warning from Uncle Sam: ‘Duck and Cover.’” Washington, D.C.: Cato Institute, December 22, 1999.

Higgs, Robert. “Defending the Homeland,” The Free Market, May 2002.

—. “Don’t Federalize Airport Security,” San Francisco Business Times, October 22, 2001.

Johnson, Chalmers. “Responding to Terrorism Without Committing Terrorism,” Los Angeles Times, September 30, 2001.

Kepel, Gilles. Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press, 2003.

McElroy, Wendy. “Defending Yourself Against Terror,” Fox News.com, October 10, 2001.

Rashid, Ahmed. “Osama bin Laden: How the U.S. Helped Midwife a Terrorist,” Institute for Public Integrity, September 13, 2001.

Roots, Roger, “Terrorized into Absurdity: The Creation of the Transportation Security Administration,” The Independent Review, Vol. VII, No. 4 (Spring 2003), pp. 503-517.

Sechrest, Larry J. “Let Privateers Troll for Bin Laden.” Oakland, Calif.: The Independent Institute, September 30, 2001.

Stephens, Joe and David B. Ottaway. “From U.S., the ABC’s of Jihad,” Washington Post, March 23, 2002.

Vlahos, Michael. Terror’s Mask: Insurgency Within Islam. Laurel, MD: Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory, 2002.

Watkins, Jr., William J. “Combating Terrorism and the Lessons of 1798.” Oakland, Calif.: The Independent Institute, December 6, 2001.

War and Big Government:

Bacevich, Andrew J. American Empire: The Realities and Consequences of U.S. Diplomacy. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2002.

Bresler, Robert J. “The Ideology of the Executive State: The Legacy of Liberal Internationalism,” Politics and Society (Winter 1973).

Coffin, Tristram. The Armed Society: Militarism in Modern America. New York: Penguin, 1964.

Cook, Fred J. The Warfare State. New York: New York, Macmillan, 1962.

Denson, John V., ed. The Costs of War: America's Pyrrhic Victories. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, 1997.

—. Reassessing the Presidency: The Rise of the Executive State and the Decline of Freedom. Auburn, AL: Ludwig von Mises Institute, 2001.

Fairgate, Alan. “Non-Marxist Theories of Imperialism,” Reason (February 1976), pp. 45-52.

Flynn, John T.The Roosevelt Myth: A Critical Account of the New Deal and Its Creator. San Francisco: Fox & Wilkes, 1998.

Gordon, David, ed. Secession, State & Liberty. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, 1998.

Hayek, F. A. Socialism and War: Essays, Documents, Reviews, ed. by Bruce Caldwell. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997.

Higgs, Robert. “The Bloody Hinge of American History,” Liberty (May 1997).

—. Crisis and Leviathan: Critical Episodes in the Growth of American Government. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987).

—. “Crisis and Quasi-Corporatist Policy-Making: The U.S. Case in Historical Perspective,” The World & I, November 1988.

—. “Crisis, Bigger Government, and Ideological Change: Two Hypotheses on the Ratchet Phenomenon,” Explorations in Economic History, Vol. 22 (1985).

—. “Eighteen Problematic Propositions in the Analysis of the Growth of Government,” The Review of Austrian Economics, Vol. 5, No. 1 (1991).

—. “Free Enterprise and War, a Dangerous Liaison.” Oakland, Calif.: The Independent Institute, January 22, 2003.

—. “The Government Needs to Get Its Own Accounting House in Order.” Oakland, Calif.: The Independent Institute, July 9, 2002.

—. “How War Amplified Federal Power in the Twentieth Century,” The Freeman, July 1999.

—. “If We’re Really in Danger, Why Doesn’t the Government Act as if We’re in Danger?” Oakland, Calif.: The Independent Institute, October 28, 2002.

—. “In the Name of Emergency,” Reason, July 1987.

—. “The Myth of U.S. Prosperity during World War II,” The Freeman, January 2003.

—. “War and Leviathan in Twentieth-Century America: Conscription as the Keystone,” from The Costs of War: America’s Pyrrhic Victories, edited by John V. Denson. Auburn, AL: Ludwig von Mises Institute, 1999.

—. “Wartime Socialization of Investment: A Reassessment of U.S. Capital Formation in the 1940s,” Working Paper No. 45. Oakland, Calif.: The Independent Institute, February 2003.

Higgs, Robert and Charlotte Twight. “National Emergency and the Erosion of Private Property Rights,” Cato Journal, Winter 1987.

—. “National Emergency and Private Property Rights: Historical Relations and Present Conditions,” Journal of Private Enterprise, Fall 1996.

Lasswell, Harold. Essays on the Garrison State. New York: MacMillan Publishing Company, 1967.

—. “The Saga of Hog Island, 1917-1921: The Story of the First Great War Boondoggle,” from The Saga of Hog Island: And Other Essays in Inconvenient History. Colorado Springs: Ralph Myles, 1977.

McElroy, Wendy. “World War I and the Suppression of Dissent,” Fairfax, Virginia: Future of Freedom Foundation, 2002.

Melman, Seymour. Our Depleted Society. New York: Holt, Reinhart and Winston, 1965.

—. The Permanent War Economy: American Capitalism in Decline. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1974.

Nisbet, Robert A. The Present Age: Progress and Anarchy in Modern America. New York: Harper & Row, 1988.

Opitz, Edmund A., ed. Leviathan at War. Irvington-on-Hudson, N.Y.: Foundation for Economic Education, 1995.

Porter, Bruce. War and the Rise of the State: The Military Foundations of Modern Politics. New York: Free Press, 1994.

Rothbard, Murray N. “War, Peace and the State,” in Egalitarianism as a Revolt Against Nature and Other Essays. Auburn, Alabama: Ludwig von Mises Institute, 2000, pp. 115-132.

Schaffer, Ronald. America in the Great War: The Rise of the War Welfare State. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991.

Stromberg, Joseph R. “American Monopoly Statism and the Rise of Empire,” Center for Libertarian Studies, 1977.

—. “The Political Economy of Liberal Corporatism,” The Individiualist (May 1972), pp. 2-11.

—. “The Role of State Monopoly Capitalism in the American Empire,” Journal of Libertarian Studies, Vol. 15, No. 3.

Twight, Charlotte. Dependent on D.C.: The Rise of Federal Control Over the Lives of Ordinary Americans. New York: Palgrave St. Martin’s Press, 2002.

Vidal, Gore, Lewis Lapham, Barton Bernstein, Robert Higgs, and Thomas Gale Moore. “Understanding America’s Terrorist Crisis: What Should Be Done,” Independent Policy Forum, The Independent Institute, April 18, 2002 [Forum Announcement, Forum Audio, Forum Transcript, Order Tapes and Transcripts]

von Mises, Ludwig. Omipotent Government: The Rise of the Total State and Total War. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1944.

Winslow, Earle M. The Pattern of Imperialism. New York: Columbia University Press, 1948.

War, the Media and Public Opinion:

Eland, Ivan. “The Bush Administration’s Weapons of Mass Deception.” Oakland, Calif: The Independent Institute, June 5, 2003.

—. “Frying the French.” Oakland, Calif.: The Independent Institute, March 12, 2003.

Fulbright, J. William. The Pentagon Propaganda Machine. New York: Vintage Books, 1971.

Gregory, Anthony. “Unbelievable Reasons for War.” Oakland, Calif.: The Independent Institute, February 28, 2003.

Hersh, Seymour M. “Selective Intelligence,” The New Yorker, May 12, 2003.

Hertsgaard, Mark. On Bended Knee: The Press and the Reagan Presidency. New York: Schocken Books, 1989.

Higgs, Robert. “Suppose You Wanted to Have a Permanent War.” Oakland, Calif: The Independent Institute, June 12, 2003.

Higgs, Robert and Anthony Kilduff. “Public Opinion: A Powerful Predictor of U.S. Defense Spending,” Defence Economics, Vol. 4 (1993).

Kwitny, Jonathan. “Review of the book The Captive Press: Foreign Policy Crises and the First Amendment, by Ted Galen Carpenter,” The Independent Review, Vol. II, No. 2, Fall 1997, pp. 321-323.

MacArthur, John R. “Censorship and Propaganda in the Gulf War: How Government Can Mold Public Opinion,” Independent Policy Forum, The Independent Institute, October 7, 1993. [Forum Audio, Forum Transcript]

—. Second Front: Censorship and Propaganda in the Gulf War. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press, 1993.

Solomon, Norman and Reese Erlich. Target Iraq: What the News Media Didn't Tell You. Context Books, 2003.

Weapons, Force Structure and Readiness:

Eland, Ivan. “Bush’s Grandiose Missile Defense Scheme,” News-Herald (OH), May 10, 2001.

—. “Crying Wolf: The Navy Does Not Need More Subs,” Defense News, July 31, 2000.

—. “Defending Forward: Going After Terrorists Threatens to Spread U.S. Military Forces Too Thin,” Orange County Register, February 3, 2002.

—. “F-22--A Needed Fighter . . . Or a Fantasy,” Washington Times, July 26, 1999.

—. “Go Slow on Missile Defense.” Washington, D.C.: Cato Institute, May 2, 2001.

—. “A Hollow Military Debate in the Presidential Election,” Stamford (CT) Advocate, September 5, 2000.

—. “A Hollow Debate on Military Readiness,” Foreign Policy Briefing No. 62. Washington, D.C.: Cato Institute, October 17, 2000.

—. “Missile Defense: Delay Is Not Abandonment,” Dallas Morning News, September 8, 2000.

—. “Missile Defense Test Obscures Tough Issues,” Washington Times, July 12, 2000.

—. Putting “Defense” Back into U.S. Defense Policy: Rethinking U.S. Security in the Post-Cold War World. Westport, Conn.: Praeger Publishers, 2001.

—. “Rumsfeld vs. the Pentagon: Is the F-22 at Stake?”, News Herald (FL), April 18, 2001.

—. “Should U.S. Missile Defense Be Limited to a Ground-Based Systems? Yes, We Can Build a Limited Homeland Shield Without Breaking an ABM Treaty,” Insight, January 24, 2000.

—. “Subtract Unneeded Nuclear Attack Submarines from the Fleet,” Foreign Policy Briefing No. 47. Washington, D.C.: Cato Institute, April 2, 1998.

—. “Tilting at Windmills: Post-Cold War Military Threats to U.S. Security,” Policy Analysis No. 332. Washington, D.C.: Cato Institute, February 8, 2002.

—. “The U.S. Military: Overextended Overseas.” Washington, D.C.: Cato Institute, July 24, 1998.

—. “Which Weapons Should President Bush Skip?” Washington, D.C.: Cato Institute, February 13, 2001.

Fitzgerald, Frances. Way Out There in the Blue: Reagan Star Wars and the End of the Cold War. New York: Touchstone Books, 2001.

Gholz, Eugene. National Security Space Policy in the U.S. and Europe: Trends and Choices. MIT Security Studies Conference Series, October 2002.

Korb, Lawrence J. “Review of the book Putting “Defense” Back into U.S. Defense Policy: Rethinking U.S. Security in the Post-Cold War World by Ivan Eland,” The Independent Review, Vol. VII, No. 3 (Winter 2003), pp. 469-470.

Krepon, Michael and Christopher Clary. Space Assurance or Space Dominance: The Case Against Weaponizing Space. Washington, D.C.: Henry L. Simson Center, 2003.

Russell, James. “Review of the book Putting “Defense” Back into U.S. Defense Policy: Rethinking U.S. Security in the Post-Cold War World, by Ivan Eland,” Political Science Quarterly.

Wright, Patrick. Tank: The Progress of a Monstrous War Machine. New York: Faber, 2002.